The European countries have a toolbox of pharmaceutical pricing policies to ensure sustainable patient access to affordable and cost-effective medicines. Each of these policies comes with benefits and limitations. Thus there is an interest to optimize policies, such as external price referencing, health technology assessment, or managed-entry agreements as well as to work on implementing further policies such as innovation funds, subscription-based procurement, and pooling policies. In the off-patent markets, policies to enhance the uptake of biosimilar medicines, which may benefit from learning from generic promotion, can contribute to improve affordable patient access. This chapter presents evidence on the implications of methodological approaches of the above-mentioned policies to support policymakers in formulating and implementing pharmaceutical pricing policies. While available guidance documents are identified, there is largely paucity of the literature on how to formulate these policy options.